VAT Calculator: Add VAT or Reverse-Calculate It
Add VAT to a net price, reverse-calculate VAT out of a gross (VAT-inclusive) price, or work out net and gross from a VAT amount you already know. Works for GST too. 39 country presets — every rate verified against an official government source, linked on its row — plus custom rates. All calculations run locally.
Breakdown
- Net amount
- —
- VAT (—)
- —
- Gross amount
- —
Reverse VAT calculator: remove VAT from a gross price
Got a VAT-inclusive total and need the net? That is the reverse (backwards) calculation:
net = gross ÷ (1 + rate ÷ 100), and the VAT is the difference. Example at the UK standard
rate of 20%: £120.00 ÷ 1.20 = £100.00 net, so £20.00 was VAT.
Pick any country preset above, or type a rate, and the calculator does the same for that rate.
Switch the calculator to reverse mode ↑
The same calculation has its own page: the reverse VAT calculator.
Link straight to this mode with ?mode=reverse or #reverse-vat.
Reverse VAT formula and VAT fractions by rate
To take VAT out of a gross price in one step, multiply the gross by the VAT fraction:
VAT = gross × rate ÷ (100 + rate). HMRC uses the same method in
VAT Notice 700, paragraph 7.3.1:
“So, with VAT at 20% the VAT fraction is: 20⁄120 (twenty one hundred and twentieths), which is the same as one-sixth.”
The table works it out for every standard rate in our verified country dataset.
| Standard rate | VAT fraction | As a decimal | Net = gross ÷ | Where |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27% | 27/127 | 0.2126 | 1.27 | Hungary |
| 25.5% | 25.5/125.5 = 51/251 | 0.2032 | 1.255 | Finland |
| 25% | 25/125 = 1/5 | 0.2000 | 1.25 | Croatia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden |
| 24% | 24/124 = 6/31 | 0.1935 | 1.24 | Estonia, Greece |
| 23% | 23/123 | 0.1870 | 1.23 | Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia |
| 22% | 22/122 = 11/61 | 0.1803 | 1.22 | Italy, Slovenia |
| 21% | 21/121 | 0.1736 | 1.21 | Belgium, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Romania, Spain |
| 20% | 20/120 = 1/6 | 0.1667 | 1.20 | Austria, Bulgaria, France, United Kingdom |
| 19% | 19/119 | 0.1597 | 1.19 | Cyprus, Germany |
| 18% | 18/118 = 9/59 | 0.1525 | 1.18 | Malta |
| 17% | 17/117 | 0.1453 | 1.17 | Luxembourg |
| 15% | 15/115 = 3/23 | 0.1304 | 1.15 | New Zealand, Saudi Arabia |
| 10% | 10/110 = 1/11 | 0.0909 | 1.10 | Australia, Bahrain, Japan |
| 9% | 9/109 | 0.0826 | 1.09 | Singapore |
| 8.1% | 8.1/108.1 = 81/1081 | 0.0749 | 1.081 | Switzerland |
| 5% | 5/105 = 1/21 | 0.0476 | 1.05 | Canada (federal GST), Oman, United Arab Emirates |
Worked examples
- Reverse VAT at 20% (UK): gross £120.00 × 20/120 = £20.00 VAT; £120.00 − £20.00 = £100.00 net.
- Reverse VAT at 19% (Germany): gross €238.00 × 19/119 = €38.00 VAT; net €200.00 (the same as €238.00 ÷ 1.19).
- Gross from the VAT amount at 20%: VAT £50.00 × 100 ÷ 20 = £250.00 net; £250.00 + £50.00 = £300.00 gross.
A common slip: taking 20% of the gross price gives the wrong VAT, because the 20% applies to the net price. On a VAT-inclusive price at 20%, the VAT is one-sixth of the total, not one-fifth.
How the math works
Add VAT (forward): gross = net × (1 + rate ÷ 100)
Reverse VAT (gross to net): net = gross ÷ (1 + rate ÷ 100), or VAT = gross × rate ÷ (100 + rate)
From the VAT amount: net = VAT × 100 ÷ rate, then gross = net + VAT
VAT amount: vat = gross − net
Download the rate dataset
The country presets above come from our open dataset of VAT/GST standard rates — 42 jurisdictions, each checked against the source cited on its row: the national tax authority, the European Commission or another official government page for 41 of them, and a commercial tax summary for Kuwait (noted on its row). Licensed CC BY 4.0.
CSV · JSON · full table in the VAT & GST invoicing guide · how we verify this data · changelog
VAT & GST Rates by Country — Source Cited on Every Row (2026)
Every rate below was verified on 2026-09-25 against a government source — the national tax
authority where it states the figure, otherwise the European Commission's official portal or another
official government page — and that source is linked on each row, so you never have to take our word
for it. (One exception: Kuwait, where no live government page states the status, cites a commercial tax
summary and says so in its note.) Rows are deep-linkable (#ireland,
#germany), ?country=ireland preselects that preset in the calculator,
and every country name links a dedicated calculator page locked to that jurisdiction's verified rates.
Multi-slab systems (like India's GST) show their slab structure instead of a single preset.
| Country | Tax | Standard rate | Reduced | Official source | Use in calculator |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australiaverified 2026-09-25 | GST | 10% | 0% GST-free (basic food, health, education, exports) | business.gov.au (Australian Government) | Use |
| Austriaverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 20% | 13% / 10% / 4.9% | USP.gv.at (Austrian Business Service Portal, BMF) | Use |
| Bahrainverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 10% | 0% (zero-rated) and exempt on certain goods/services (see NBR) | Bahrain National Portal (bahrain.bh) / NBR | Use |
| Belgiumverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 21% | 12% / 6% | European Commission: Your Europe VAT rates table | Use |
| Bulgariaverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 20% | 9% | EC Your Europe (official EU portal) | Use |
| Canadaverified 2026-09-25 | GST/HST | 5% (federal GST) | HST 13% ON / 14% NS / 15% NB, NL, PE; 5% GST only in AB, BC, MB, QC, SK and the territories (PST/RST/QST are separate) | Canada Revenue Agency (canada.ca): GST/HST rates by province | Use |
| Croatiaverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 25% | 13% / 5% / 0% | Porezna uprava (Croatian Tax Administration) | Use |
| Cyprusverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 19% | 9% / 5% / 3% | EC Your Europe (VAT rates table) | Use |
| Czech Republicverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 21% | 12% / 0% | portal.gov.cz (Czech Government Portal) | Use |
| Denmarkverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 25% | 0% (e.g. newspapers; exports/intra-EU) | Skattestyrelsen (skat.dk) | Use |
| Estoniaverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 24% | 13% / 9% / 0% | Estonian Tax and Customs Board (EMTA) | Use |
| Finlandverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 25.5% | 13.5% / 10% / 0% | Finnish Tax Administration (Vero) | Use |
| Franceverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 20% | 10% / 5.5% / 2.1% | BOFiP - impots.gouv.fr (DGFiP official bulletin) | Use |
| Germanyverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 19% | 7% | Umsatzsteuergesetz (UStG) § 12, gesetze-im-internet.de | Use |
| Greeceverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 24% | 13% / 6% (islands 17/9/4) | AADE (Greek tax authority) | Use |
| Hungaryverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 27% | 18% / 5% / 0% | NAV (Hungarian Tax & Customs Administration) | Use |
| Indiaverified 2026-09-25 | GST | 5-40% (multi-slab) | 0% / 5% merit / 18% standard / 40% special de-merit | GST Council / PIB (Govt of India) | |
| Irelandverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 23% | 13.5% / 9% / 4.8% / 0% | Revenue (Irish Tax and Customs) | Use |
| Italyverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 22% | 10% / 5% / 4% | Agenzia delle Entrate: Norme generali e aliquote | Use |
| Japanverified 2026-09-25 | Consumption Tax | 10% | 8% (food and non-alcoholic drinks excluding dining out; subscription newspapers issued twice a week or more) | National Tax Agency (NTA) | Use |
| Kuwaitchecked 2026-09-25, secondary source | VAT | No VAT | — | PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries (Kuwait) | |
| Latviaverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 21% | 12% / 5% / 0% | Value Added Tax Law (likumi.lv, official publication) | Use |
| Lithuaniaverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 21% | 12% / 5% / 0% | Valstybine mokesciu inspekcija (VMI) | Use |
| Luxembourgverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 17% | 14% / 8% / 3% | Portail de la fiscalite indirecte (pfi.public.lu, AED) | Use |
| Maltaverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 18% | 12% / 7% / 5% / 0% | VAT Act (Cap. 406), legislation.mt | Use |
| Netherlandsverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 21% | 9% / 0% | Belastingdienst (Dutch Tax Administration) | Use |
| New Zealandverified 2026-09-25 | GST | 15% | 9% effective (commercial accommodation over 4 weeks) / 0% (zero-rated, e.g. exports) | Inland Revenue (IRD) | Use |
| Norwayverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 25% | 15% / 12% | Skatteetaten (Norwegian Tax Administration) | Use |
| Omanverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 5% | 0% (exports, 513 essential goods, international transport); exempt financial services / residential rent | Oman Tax Authority (Tax Portal) | Use |
| Polandverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 23% | 8% / 5% / 0% | podatki.gov.pl (Polish Ministry of Finance) | Use |
| Portugalverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 23% | 13% / 6% (Azores 16/9/4; Madeira 22/12/5) | gov.pt (Portuguese Government): IVA guide | Use |
| Qatarverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | No VAT | — | Qatar General Tax Authority (GTA) | |
| Romaniaverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 21% | 11% | ANAF (Romanian Tax Administration) | Use |
| Saudi Arabiaverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 15% | 0% (exports/intl transport); exempt financial & real estate | ZATCA: Guideline on Imports and Exports under VAT (May 2026) | Use |
| Singaporeverified 2026-09-25 | GST | 9% | 0% (exports, qualifying international services) | Ministry of Finance (MOF) | Use |
| Slovakiaverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 23% | 19% / 5% | Financna sprava SR | Use |
| Sloveniaverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 22% | 9.5% / 5% | FURS (Financial Administration of Slovenia) | Use |
| Spainverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 21% | 10% / 4% / 0% | Agencia Tributaria | Use |
| Swedenverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 25% | 12% / 6% | Skatteverket | Use |
| Switzerlandverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 8.1% | 2.6% / 3.8% (accommodation) | ESTV / Swiss Federal Tax Administration (FTA) | Use |
| United Arab Emiratesverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 5% | 0% / exempt (some financial, residential property) | UAE Ministry of Finance | Use |
| United Kingdomverified 2026-09-25 | VAT | 20% | 5% / 0% | GOV.UK / HMRC | Use |
Full details, incl. registration thresholds and reduced-rate notes: country table in the VAT guide · how we verify this data.
Reverse VAT is not the reverse charge
The reverse charge is a rule for certain cross-border B2B supplies: the customer accounts for the VAT and the invoice says “Reverse charge” (EU VAT Directive, Article 226(11a)). For the conditions, the invoice wording and the self-assessed VAT, use the reverse charge calculator.
VAT & GST FAQ
How do I add VAT to a net price?
Multiply the net price by (1 + rate/100). Example: net 100 at 20% VAT = 100 × 1.20 = 120 gross. The VAT amount is 20.
How do I reverse-calculate VAT from a gross (VAT-inclusive) price?
Divide the gross price by (1 + rate/100) to get the net, or multiply the gross by the VAT fraction, rate ÷ (100 + rate), to get the VAT directly. Example at 20%: 120 ÷ 1.20 = 100 net, and 120 × 20/120 (one-sixth) = 20 VAT.
How do I calculate the gross amount from the VAT amount?
Net = VAT × 100 ÷ rate, and gross = net + VAT. Example at 20%: VAT of 50 means a net of 50 × 100 ÷ 20 = 250 and a gross of 300. Choose 'I know the VAT amount' above to do it for any rate.
Is reverse VAT the same as the reverse charge?
No. Reverse VAT is arithmetic: it splits a VAT-inclusive price into net and VAT. The reverse charge is a legal rule for certain cross-border B2B supplies under which the customer, not the supplier, accounts for the VAT; in the EU the supplier's invoice then carries the mention 'Reverse charge' (Directive 2006/112/EC, Article 226(11a)). Our reverse charge calculator covers that case.
Is GST the same as VAT?
They are different names used by different countries for a tax charged as a percentage on top of the net price, and the arithmetic on this page is the same for both. The verified rate table below names each tax as the country's own source does: GST in Australia, India, New Zealand and Singapore, GST/HST in Canada, Consumption Tax in Japan, and VAT in the other 34 jurisdictions with a rate. Pick the country preset, or type the rate, and the calculation is identical.
Which country has the highest standard VAT rate?
Hungary has the highest standard VAT rate in the EU at 27%, followed by Finland at 25.5%. Denmark, Sweden, Croatia and (outside the EU) Norway apply 25%. At the other end, Switzerland charges 8.1% and Luxembourg has the lowest EU standard rate at 17%.
Do I charge VAT on cross-border B2B sales in the EU?
Often the supplier does not: for B2B services covered by Article 44 of the VAT Directive, VAT is payable by the customer when the supplier is not established in the customer's Member State (Article 196), and the invoice must say 'Reverse charge' (Article 226(11a)). The reverse charge calculator shows the invoice wording, the UK rules and a worked example.
Is this VAT calculator suitable for UK Making Tax Digital (MTD)?
This tool provides quick math for invoice preparation. For MTD compliance, use HMRC-approved software when filing your VAT return. This calculator is reference, not a filing tool.